Pneumatic – Projects Training

Project Synopsis

“Pneumatic based Soil pressing Machine”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of required for b-tech in “Electronics & communication” under Punjab state board of technical education and industrial training Chandigarh

Submitted by:-

RIMT

(Mandi Gobindgarh)

Submitted To:-

DEPARTMENT OF “ Mechanical”

RIMT- Near floating side, Mandi Gobindgarh. Punjab (147301)

Pneumatic based Soil pressing Machine

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many individual have proudly influenced us during our Studies (B.E) at RIMT ENGINEERING College,Mandi Gobindgarh and it is pleasure to acknowledge their guidance and support. At RIMT Polytechnic, We learned many things like the project training is mainly aimed at enabling the student to apply their theoretical knowledge to practical as “The theory is to know how and practical is to do how” and to appreciate the limitation of knowledge gained in the class room to practical situation and to appreciate the importance of discipline, punctuality, team work, sense of responsibility, money, value of time, dignity of labour.

I will like to express my gratitude towards Mrs. Talwar who took keen interest in our project, who helped me in every possible way and is source of inspiration for all the group members.

I would also like to thank Mr. Talwar (HOD), Electronics & Communication who motivated us to complete our project with enthusiasm and hard work.

Components:-

Pneumatic Pump 12’’ 1

Distributor Single way 1

6mm Iron strip 12*12 Inch 2

6mm Iron strip 6*30” 1

Ply Board 12mm

Relay 12 Volt 2

Transistor BC 547 4

Transistor BC 557 4

Resistor 1K ohm 8

1000uF Capacitor 1

470uF 1

7805 1

Diode 4007 4

Transformer 12-0-12 1

Read Sensor 2

5 Kg Hammer 1

PROCREDURE TO MAKE PROJECT:-

IDEA OF PROJECT

In this stage student select the topic of the project of the project. It’s the main stage of project work.its the area where talented students shows their innovative ideas. Innovative students make project with a new idea then others. We selected this project because we want to do something in with our own hands. We use main electronics components uded in the industry. First of all we selected the GSM based project. Then we drop idea because there was little bit practical electronics to learn and mobile companies already providing those facility.

STUDY MATERIAL AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In this section we collected the study material. We searches about our project on google.com,www.yahoo.com,www.msn.com and www.ludhianaprojects.com. But we find many circuits and theory materials for our project. We were not sure about the circuits. Because circuit available on the site were provided by students. So we can really on them. Then we saw www.ludhianaprojects.com a project help provider site. Its help us lot. They helped us lot in our project. We find the circuit of our project in that site.

Trail TESTING OF MAIN CIRCUIT- Then we collect the components of project. It was not a easy task. Because no shop in our area have all the components. Then after collection of components we test the circuit on bread board – step by step. Because we want to sure about the circuit. We checked it in different steps beacuuse it was a big project and was not possible to check it in a single step.
PCB DESIGNING – After Testing of circuite sure about the circuit.

First of all we designed the layout of PCB .

Then we made a screen .

After that we mark the layout on clad board with the help of paint and screen.

Then we dip that painted PCB in Ferric chloride solution.

After that we drill holes in PCB.

Then we washed PCB with Isopropyl solution.

COMPONENT MOUNTING– We kept the hole size from 0.8mm yo 1 mm for leads of components. Then we insert components according ton their pitches.
SODERING– Afgter mounting components we solder the components ane by one. We kept the temperature of iron at 250 degree to 400 degree. Because above this temperature it can damage to component. We used general iron available in the market of siron company. Its temperature was nearly 350 degree acc to company specifications. We used soldering wire of 22 gauge with flux inbuilt.
FINAL TESTING- After that we test the circuit step by step . and insert the ICs after testing the one portion of the circuit an then after other step by step. Its was tough work we tested voltage across the compents with erepect to ground. And current in series.

TROUBLSHOOTING– Then we tried to troubleshoot the errors in the project.

CHAPTER –2

INTRODUCTION

In a continuously develop world, many things kept coming out as if there is nothing impossible anymore for something to exist. This may be part of how and why people manage to adapt to their new lifestyle. Taking a lifestyle as reason how people manage their work in less time. We know there day by day population is increased. So construction work is also increasing. When any construction area we make floor then firstly we fill there soil, pieces of stone, pieces of brick and to level this material we hammer that material. For this we use a heavy weight hammer. In this project we are making a pneumatic based automatic hammer.

We use a pneumatic pump which work with compressed air. We store the air in compressor and give to pump through a distributor.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Parts of Project

Pneumatic Pump Detail

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.^[1]

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, an engine of some type, or wind power.

Positive displacement pump

A lobe pump

lobe pump internals

Mechanism of a scroll pump

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.

[edit] Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.

[edit] Positive displacement types

Screw pump

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid ring vacuum pumps
Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston or diaphragm pumps
Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

[edit] Rotary positive displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

Positive displacement rotary pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid^{[citation needed]}.

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient^{[citation needed]} because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually.

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump demands very close clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:

Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears
Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump usually two screws turning against each other pump the liquid
Rotary vane pumps – similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.

[edit] Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

Main article: Reciprocating pump

Simple hand pump

Hand-operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump in Košice–Ťahanovce, Slovakia (walking beam pump).

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the way back.
Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.
Piston displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.
Radial piston pump

[edit] Various positive displacement pumps

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

[edit] Gear pump

Gear pump

Main article: Gear pump

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the centre. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.

[edit] Screw pump

Main article: Screw pump

A Screw pumps is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with opposing thread—e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump’s casing is minimal.

[edit] Progressing cavity pump

Main article: Progressive cavity pump

Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in s single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low volumes.

[edit] Roots-type pumps

Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.

Applications include:

High capacity industrial air compressors
Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.
A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation‘s Thunderbolt.

[edit] Peristaltic pump

360 Degree Peristaltic Pump

Main article: Peristaltic pump

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It contains the fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid flow into the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

[edit] Plunger pumps

A plunger pump compared to a piston pump

Main article: Plunger pump

Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps.

These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve.

Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and water hammer may be a serious problem. In general the problems are compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.

[edit] Triplex-style plunger pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or smoother flow without a pulsation dampener. The increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.

Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampeners). In 1968, William Bruggeman significantly reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high pressure seals, low pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.

The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex or even quintuplex pumps to inject water and solvents deep into shale in the extraction process called fracking .

The plunger pump can be hand-held or gigantic. Triplex pump brands include Cat Pumps in the U.S., Ram Pumps in the U.K., big box store plunger pump pressure washers Lowe’s, Home Depot, Menard’s, the quintuplex oilfield brand NLB (Europe), and others.

[edit] Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement diaphragm pumps is compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. Commonly seen in all areas of industry from shipping to processing, Wilden Pumps, Graco, SandPiper or ARO are generally the larger of the brands. They are relatively inexpensive and can perform almost any duty, from pumping water out of bunds, to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body construction). Lift is normally limited to roughly 6m although heads can reach almost 200 Psi.^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Rope pumps

Main article: Rope pump

Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope pump. For this reason they have become extremely popular around the world since the 1980s. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grass roots organizations and the techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.^[2]

[edit] Flexible impeller pump

Main article: Flexible impeller

[edit] Impulse pumps

The pulser pump

Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – uses pressure built up internally from released gas in liquid flow. (see below)
Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.
Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the water, when bubbles move upward, or on pressure inside pipe pushing water up.

[edit] Hydraulic ram pumps

Airlift pump vs. Geyser pump

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.

It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one “hydraulic head” (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

[edit] Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses a spinning “impeller” with backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli’s principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.^[3]

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:

Continuous energy
Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head

A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

[edit] Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump

Open Type Centrifugal Pump Impeller

Main article: Centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads.

Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial-flow type. However, the term “centrifugal pump” can be used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps^[4] including the radial, axial and mixed-flow variations.

[edit] Radial-flow pumps

Often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid enters along the axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft(radially). Radial-flow pumps operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than axial and mixed-flow pumps.

[edit] Axial-flow pumps

Axial pump (propeller in pipe)

Main article: Axial-flow pump

Axial-flow pumps differ from radial-flow in that the fluid enters and exits along the same direction parallel to the rotating shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead “lifted” by the action of the impeller. They may be likened to a propeller spinning in a length of tube. Axial-flow pumps operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow pumps.

[edit] Mixed-flow pumps

Mixed-flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps, the fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0–90 degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.

[edit] Eductor-jet pump

Main article: Eductor-jet pump

This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and propels it into a higher pressure region.

[edit] Gravity pumps

Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron’s fountain—and there also important qanat or foggara systems that simply use downhill flow to take water from far-underground aquifers in high areas to consumers at lower elevations. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes called a gravity pump.

[edit] Steam pumps

Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery‘s, the Pulsometer steam pump or the Steam injection pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost effective opportunity.

[edit] Valveless pumps

Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart’s valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the development of discernable chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids.

[edit] Pump repairs

Examining pump repair records and MTBF (mean time between failures) is of great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to the 2006 Pump User’s Handbook alludes to “pump failure” statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life before failure).^[5]

In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.’s chief engineer for Field Operations in Baton Rouge, LA, examined the repair records for a number of refinery and chemical plants to obtain meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15 operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps; several plants had over 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as “new,” others as “renewed” and still others as “established.” Many of these plants—but not all—had an alliance arrangement with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program.

Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results occur elsewhere. In chemical plants, pumps have traditionally been “throw-away” items as chemical attack limits life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in “old” DIN and ASME-standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that fits. Unless the pump user upgrades the seal chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions. Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around 50 to 60 percent of the refinery values.

Unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider that published average values of avoided pump failures range from $2600 to $12,000. This does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires.

As has been noted, a typical pump failure based on actual year 2002 reports, costs $5,000 on average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Extending a pump’s MTBF from 12 to 18 months would save $2,500 per yr—which is greater than the cost to upgrade the centrifugal pump’s reliability.^[5][6][7]

[edit] Applications

Metering pump for gasoline and additives.

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

[edit] Priming a pump

Typically, a liquid pump can’t simply draw air until the feed line and pump fill with the liquid that requires pumping. An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids and other more viscous fluids usually cannot displace air due to its lower density.

[edit] Pumps as public water supplies

First European depiction of a piston pump, by Taccola, c.1450.^[8]

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or ‘pitcher pump’. It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed. ^[9]

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.

For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps can be located onshore or offshore and can be connected to single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase pumps are used to transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells to downstream processes or gathering facilities. This means that the pump may handle a flow stream (well stream) from 100 percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every imaginable combination in between. The flow stream can also contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under changing/fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases as operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks where possible.^[10]

[edit] Types and features of multiphase pumps

Helico-Axial Pumps (Centrifugal) A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires two mechanical seals, this pump uses an open-type axial impeller. It’s often called a Poseidon pump, and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.

Twin Screw (Positive Displacement) The twin screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.

Progressive Cavity Pumps (Positive Displacement) Progressive cavity pumps are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or at the surface. This pump is mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt.

Electric Submersible Pumps (Centrifugal) These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid.

Buffer Tank A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smoothes any fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations, high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.^[10][11][12]

[edit] Specifications

Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in metres (or feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head. The head can be simplified as the number of feet or metres the pump can raise or lower a column of water at atmospheric pressure.

From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

[edit] Pump material

The pump material can be Stainless steel (SS 316 or SS 304), cast iron etc. It depends on the application of the pump. In the water industry and for pharma applications SS 316 is normally used, as stainless steel gives better results at high temperatures.

[edit] Pumping power

Main article: Bernoulli’s equation

The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier-Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli’s equation can be used. Hence the power, P, required by the pump:

where ΔP is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the fluid flowrate is given in m^3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure and kinetic energy components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid’s gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static pressure. η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer’s information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e. solutions to the Navier-stokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The efficiency of the pump depends upon the pump’s configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)

For a typical “pumping” configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative power required to drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore, this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.

[edit] Pump efficiency

Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).

When a system design includes a centrifugal pump, an important issue it its design is matching the head loss-flow characteristic with the pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum efficiency.

Pump efficiency is an important aspect and pumps should be regularly tested. Thermodynamic pump testing is one method.

[edit] Pump testing

To minimise energy use, and to ensure that pumps are correctly matched to the duty expected pumps, and pumping stations should be regularly tested.

In water supply application, which are usually fitted with centrifugal pumps, individual large pumps should be 70 – 80% efficient. They should be individually tested to ensure they are in the appropriate range, and replaced or prepared as appropriate.

Pumping stations should also be tested collectively, because where pumps can run in combination to meet a given demand, it is often possible for very inefficient combination of pumps to occur. For example. it is perfectly possible to have a large and a small pump operating in parallel, with the smaller pump not delivering any water, but merely consuming energy. See Pump station manager

Pumps are readily tested by fitting a flow meter, measuring the pressure difference between inlet and outlet, and measuring the power consumed.

Another method is thermodynamic pump testing where only the temperature rise and power consumed need be measured

Circuit Relay

RELAY

Working of relay or two-way switch is of same type. The only difference is that the two-way switches is operated manually but relay works on magnetic field. In relay one coil is used to produce magnetic power. When voltage is induced in coils magnetic field is produced. The terminals connected to magnetic coils are connected to base plate switches on and off points of relay. Coil is made on iron core by this electromagnetic field. The two points of coil on which voltages are given are put at outer base plate of relay and the relay is made on iron stand and stretched by the ‘spring is kept b/w the two points of switch.

A and B is a coil. The pole D is connected to the switch C, when there is no supply to the coil. This condition is known as normal connection (N/C). but when the supply is given to the coil, the core of coil becomes electromagnetic pole and connects the pole D with switch E. in this condition switch E is known as orderly connection (O/C).When the supply is off. The core of supply is demagnetized; resulting in reconnection of pole D with switch C. relay can operate on AC as well as DC.

There are many types of relays such as;

1. Many relays control only one phase i.e. have only one on/off contact.

2. Many relays can control two phase or both phase and neutral.

In order to enable a circuit to be isolated from the system only under faulty conditions, protective relays are used. In normal cases, it is open circuit relay. The relay is usually provided with 4 terminals, two of which are connected to relay winding and other two are connected to the circuit to be controlled. It has following characteristics :

Sensitivity
Speed
Selectivity

TYPES OF RELAYS :

Electromagnetic Attraction Type : These relays are actuated by DC or AC quantities.
Electromagnetic Induction Type : It’s operation depends upon EMI phenomena.
Thermal Relays : It’s operation depends upon the heating effect of electric Current.
Distance Relays : It’s operation depends upon the ratio of voltage to current.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY :

These relays are electromagnetically operated. The parts of these relays are an iron core & its surrounding coil of wire. An iron yoke provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, the yoke being shaped so that the magnetic circuit can be closed by a movable piece of iron called the armature, and a set of contacts. The armature is hinged to the yoke and is held by a string in such a way that there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. Figure shows the principle of operation of this relay. When an electric current flows in the coil, the armature is attracted to the iron core. Electrical switching contacts are mounted on the armature. When the armature coil is energized, these movable contacts break their connections with one set of fixed contacts and close a connection to a previously open contact. When electric power is removed from the relay coil, spring returns the armature to its original position.

Standard voltages for D.C. relay are 6,12,24,48 & 110 volts and for A.C. relays are 6,12,24,48,120 & 240 volts.

Fig. Basic Diagram Showing the Operating Principle of a Relay

Working

We use a pneumatic pump to Hold and Control the Hammer which work with compressed air. We store the air in compressor and give to pump through a distributor. To control pump we use a distributor. Distributor is a valve which control the flow of air. On distributor a switch is placed which is usable for outward and inward control of pump shaft. There is a relay which is parallel in the switch. We can control the pump automatically with this relay by a circuit. Circuit changes its direction after sensing the position of Pump shaft by magnetic sensor. In circuit we use 3 relay. First relay control the supply of distributor. This relay works when one sensor work. Due to this pump shaft start go to outward side. Second relay holds the first relay after once start first relay till reaching the shaft near second sensor. Second sensor is placed near the earth. Third relay operates when second sensor works and cut the first and second relay and pump return to inward side.

CHAPTER – 10

ADVANTAGES

Efficiency increased

Time saving

Output fast

Manpower sving

DISADVANTAGES

More cots then simple Hammer

Due to electronic circuit setting of project is difficult

CHAPTER – 12

application

Base on the application of the device, I would say that it is very useful for small industrials, construction department and more

CHAPTER – 13

PRECAUTIONS

According to circuit all the different components for their services, ability.
During soldering on the PCB, one should be very careful regarding short circuit, dry units, etc.
Components direction especially electrolytic capacitor, transistor, must be kept in mind for their actual position.
Put each and every component on the PCB according their actual position.
Proper care must be taken by solders on transistor so that these are not to be damaged due to leakage of current.
Put each and every component of the same value on the PCB as per diagram.